Added functions to parse shell arguments and config file

This is the land-water discretizer, formerly known as coastline calculation. Added the first batch of functions that made sense grouping together. Functions concern parsing config values from a file, initializing logging, and parsing command line arguments (quadkey(s) or file).

I left in all the setting values in the config.ini file and the respective parsing function, even though most of them are not needed for now. But they will be soon and it is presumably less trouble for me to carry them along all the way.

\approve @ds @marius \fyi @fd @shinde @cnievas @tara